![]() By the mid 19th century in America, white people (as then defined) were all free slaves were of African or part-African descent. citizens were defined as "free white men" this excluded white men who were indentured servants. It was only in relatively modern times that slavery became associated with race. From the fifth to the eleventh century the Vikings were especially prolific slavers, capturing and selling the inhabitants wherever they went. Throughout most of European history, slaves were generally of European origin, often from conquered countries. The earliest European societies, including the Greeks and Romans, had no concept of race and classified people by ethnicity and social class, with the lowest class being slaves. The author says the idea of race is not just a matter of biology but also includes "concepts of labor, gender, class, and images of personal beauty". The book describes attitudes toward and definitions of race among Europeans, and particularly Americans of European descent. ![]() The History of White People is a 2010 book by Nell Irvin Painter, in which the author explores the idea of whiteness throughout history, beginning with ancient Greece and continuing through the beginning of scientific racism in early modern Europe to 19th- through 21st-century America. ![]()
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